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4. Arduino Hardware Basics ​

4.1. Basic Electronic Components and Circuit Fundamentals ​

When working on projects using Arduino, it's crucial to understand basic electronic components and circuits. Some fundamental components include:

Resistors：

  • Used to limit the current flowing through a circuit.
  • Calculate the required resistance using Ohm's Law: V = IR.

Capacitors：

  • Store and release electrical energy.
  • Useful in filtering and temporarily storing energy.

Diodes：

  • Allow current to flow in one direction only.
  • LEDs are a special type of diode used for emitting light.

Transistors：

  • Function as amplifiers or switches for electrical signals.
  • Very useful for controlling high-power loads.

Relays：

  • Electromechanical switches that control one circuit (low power) to switch another circuit (high power).

Circuit Connections：

  • Breadboard: A tool for prototyping circuits without soldering.
  • Wires: Used to connect various components.
  • Soldering: For permanent circuit connections.

Power Management：

  • Knowledge on voltage and current is essential, as well as understanding various power options (batteries, USB, external power sources).

4.2 Arduino Pins and Interfaces ​

   Arduino dev board is composed of multiple input/output (I/O) pins. Basically, these pins can be programmed to perform two core functions: reading external inputs (like buttons, sensors, etc.), and sending output signals out (controlling LED lights, motors, etc.). Let's take a closer look at several major pins and interfaces:

Digital I/O Pins:

  • Can be set to input (INPUT) or output (OUTPUT) mode.
  • Used for digital reading (digitalRead()) or digital writing (digitalWrite()).

Analog Input Pins:

  • Can read analog signals, which are continuous voltage ranges.
  • Use the analogRead() function to read values between 0 and 1023 (on most Arduino models).

PWM Output:

  • Some digital I/O pins also provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) functionality, which can simulate analog output or control brightness in LEDs.
  • Controlled using the analogWrite() command.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Interface:

  • Used to connect the Arduino board to a computer for programming.
  • Can also power the Arduino board or exchange data with other devices.

Power Pins:

  • GND: Ground pin.
  • Vin: Voltage input from an external power source (connected to the board's DC jack).
  • 5V: Provides a stable 5V (DC).
  • 3.3V: Provides a stable 3.3V (DC).

Reset Button:

  • When pressed, restarts the execution of the Arduino code.

Communication Interfaces:

  • Serial communication (TX/RX pins).
  • SPI communication.
  • I2C communication.